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IMMUNITY Definition:                Ability of the body to fight against any foreign agent that could be harmful to the body in order to protect body from any harm. Immunity is majorly provided by different body barriers like skin, mucous membranes and the body fluids like blood and lymph. Different organs and tissues also play a major roll in provision of immunity like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow. Now if we discuss immunity on the basses of provision by different organs it would be divided under to major terms: Innate immunity Acquired immunity Innate immunity This is the type of immunity that you have by birth, and it also keeps you alive just after your birth. Without this immunity you can't survive no matter how much heroic measures are taken. And it is provided by, Physical barriers: Skin and Mucous membranes lining different body openings. How? All the epithelia that are exposed to the external environment like skin and mucous membranes of oral cavity ,urethr

Important points regarding Human Reproductive System Important definitions: Below is given a brief introduction of a few terms that are not described in the text book. It may not be much helpful in the board examination neither in entry test but I hope it would help in making up a clear concept of the topic, as I learnt from my teacher. Vas deferens: The main ejaculatory duct of the reproductive system of man. Epididymis: It is the continuation of vas deferens that forms a layer over the testes where sperms are stored temporarily. Corona radiate: It is the outer protective layer of the oocyte/egg. Zona pellucida: The part on egg where the sperm has to bind. Mechanism of gamete formation Both male and female gametes are formed by the process of meiosis. It is to be noted that mitosis takes place in all cells of the body but meiosis occurs only in sex cells resulting in gametes. Production of sperms: The sex cells also known as spermatogonia are divided by mitosis to produce a primary sp

RESONANCE DEFINITION:                         �A condition exists when an oscillating circuit responds with maximum amplitude of an external source of angular frequency �?� called resonance.� RESONATING CIRCUITS: DEFINITION:                         �The circuits that contain both inductors and capacitors along with a resistor so arranged that the circuit is capable of resonance are called resonating circuits.�                              SERIES RESONATING CIRCUIT:                                                         Consider a resister, inductor and capacitor which are connected in series with A.C. source whose frequency can be varied. When current flows through inductor, the inductive reactance becomes:  X L = ?L and when current flows through capacitor, the capacitive reactance becomes: X C = 1/ (?C) At High Frequency: Inductive Reactance  X L   is greater than capacitive reactance  X C  due to which circuit behaves as R-L Series Circuit in which voltage V leads to the curren

Ampere�s Law � If a circular loop is drawn around a current carrying conductor; it will erect a magnetic field � B � around it, then to free space�                                                              ?B/�  dl = I Where, ? is the integral representation of the total area of magnetic field �B� of the circular loop of current carrying conductor. In case of Straight Wire:                                                    Since, �B� (the red dots) is uniform, it behave as a constant value (as amount of current is same in conductor). Now �dl� is a small part of the total circular loop, for which we have to find the value of �B� at that point. Now, as �dl� is small area of the circle, or we can say it�s a derivative of the total area bounded by the circular loop (circumference of the circular loop), so, if we take an integral of �dl� we can have the total area bounded by the circular loop which is 2pr.  In case of Solenoid: Here, the solenoid has number of turns �N� and is having a

UET Taxila Merit list 2013 Below are the closing merits of UET taxilla in the last list. Main Campus Taxilla: Category A High Merit I Diploma Holders N Engineer's Children T Tehsil Taxilla X Overseas Mechanical 76.757 72.072 75.068 76.225 67.323 Electrical 74.743 71.460 74.391 63.914 Civil 74.398 69.682 73.595 64.207 Electronics 73.761 70.653 62.286 Industrial 72.611 69.754 57.418 Environmental 70.266 47.655 Computer 71.180 55.052 Software 71.820 54.357 Telecom 71.084 58.036 Category G Disable Person L Backward Area O Alumni Q-1 DG Khan Q-2 Rajanpur Mechanical 77.302 73.041 Electrical 73.205 Civil Electronics Industrial Environmental Computer Software 56.930 Telecom Sub-Campus Chakwal: Category W High Merit I-1 Diploma Holders S Tehsil Sahiwal P Dg Khan Z Overseas Mechatronics 70.541 72.355 59.770 Electronics 70

Amino Acids Writer�s view about Amino Acid.                                                   Consider a universe. In which there are a number of planets. In these planets consider the earth. In the earth are many countries and in countries are cities and in cities are many buildings. When we consider a single building we come to know that it is made up of many bricks that are the basic building block. Now let us imply this to human body. Our body is composed of many chemical substances. But we are only interested in proteins. Proteins consist of many protein fibers that are �the countries of earth�. The protein fibers in turn consist of many polypeptide chains. A single polypeptide is made of groups of building blocks. When a group of those building blocks is examined it is revealed that each of them has a basic unit that is the AMINO ACID. Amino acid is the� brick�, basic structural entity for proteins. Importance of amino acids.                                         Amino acids he

Organic Reaction  Starting from organic chemistry basic reactions we have Alkenes and how to prepare them well I am going to show you some simple shortcuts to remember these things. Decarboxylation of mono-carboxylic Acids: Hope you got it. NUST Entry test MCQ regarding this topic is given below The answer is C , methanoic acid . "Decarboxylation of Benzoic acid will yield Benzene" Kolbe�s electrolysis method is a difficult one , you must remember the products it yield when a certain acid is give. This will help you remembering which acid yield what! Maleic acid and Fumaric acid must be remembered. Now Kolbe�s electrolytic method explained , try to write this down on your note book and then solve please you will understand.   All these methods are used to prepare alkanes :) Clemnnsesn and Wolf-kishners method is used to prepare Alkenes by Reduction. Starting from Acids. Acetic acid > Aldehyde > primary alcohol > Ethane  You must remember this , very important as

Periodic Table Purpose Of Periodic Table: It is tabular arrangement of elements in groups or periods Periodic table provides basic framework to study the periodic behavior of physical and chemical properties of elements as well as their compounds  It organizes elements according to trends so that you can see the relationships between them. Historical Background Al-Razi: His contributions were based on the physical and the chemical properties  Dobereiner: A German chemist, arranged known elements in groups called Triads. Elements can be classified in triads where the atomic weight of middle element of each triad is almost equal to the arithmetic mean of atomic weights of other elements  Newland: An English chemist, he gave Law of octaves , if elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic weights, every 8th element starting from a given one has similar properties as that of first one  Mendeleev: A Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, he said that physical and chemical propertie

1) If x and y are positive integers and x + y = 5, then a possible value for 2x - y is a) 3 b) -3 c) 2 d) -2 e) 0 Answer 2) Let a, b, and c, be positive prime integers such that a+b=c. What is the sum of the three smallest possible values of c? a) 10 b) 25 c) 31 d) 39 e) 40 Answer

Half Life Most of the students get confused in the numerical problems of physics or chemistry, even though they are not that much difficult but require a little attention and understanding. Half- life is one of the topics most students find hard to understand. The topic itself is simple but the numerical problems can create some confusion. This topic will help you to solve half-life problems with a simple method. So, first of all consider an example:- Problem Statement: An isotope of cesium-137 has a half-life of 30 years. Cesium-137 disintegrates over a period of 90 years. How much of cesium-137 would remain, provided the initial amount was 1g? Procedure: First, let us find out how many half-life 90 years are going to be. For that we will divide 90 with the half-life provide in the question. T =90 years/30 years ,that will give us 3T ,that means 90 years will have 3 half-life. As mentioned in the problem ,the initial amount of cesium is 1g Now let�s find out how many grams of cesium w

Muscles Starting our discussion with a very simple question at this stage, What are muscles? We may define muscles as, bundle of muscle fibers, which are able to contract and relax. Like all other parts of the body, muscles are also supplied with blood vessels which bring them nutrients and carry with them their metabolic waste. Types of muscles Three distinct type of muscles are: Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles Skeletal muscles 1- Smooth Muscle:                               These are the muscles, which are found in the walls of the organs. Such as blood vessels, digestive tract etc. They are actually involved in the movement of the material flowing through such organs. Characteristics: 1. Earliest form of muscles to evolve. 2. Non-striated. 3. Long and spindle shape. 4. One nucleus per cell. 5. Low speed of contraction. 6. Receive nerves from the autonomic nervous system (not voluntary). 2- Cardiac Muscle:                            Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart where th